Types of Unemployment, Labour Relations, Trade Unions in...

1.1) Unemployment- it occurs when a person who is actively seeking and searching for employment but is unable to find work. Types of unemployed are frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, and cyclical unemployment 1.2.1) BRICS-Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa .This countries represent the 5 declaration of countries. 1.2.2) the purpose of BRICS is to let countries interact with each other. The involvement of globalisation among countries is important. South Africa produces mineral which contribute a lot to the BRICS resources. They must engage functionally on their variable approaches to economic development, in detail the balance accorded to markets set against the state. 1.3) The unemployment rate rose to 25.6%†¦show more content†¦We could solve unemployment, shortage of housing and create an industry that contributes to our GDP. Government should create solar power station whereby we save energy and job creation for citizens living in the country Question2 2.1) John Dunlop’s theory to labour relations is viewed from various angles which may range from the economic to the social, political to the legal, psychological and managerial. The interaction and relationship between workers, managers and government and this creates the set of rules of the workplace or the principles of the system. Within the labour relation environment the actors who are the labour union, managers and government organizations interact with each other, negotiate and use economic power in the method of determining rules that constitute the output of the industrial relations system. The system operates within technology, product markets as well as the distribution or power in society 2.2)Tripartism is the Department which promotes social dialogue, sound industrial relations and the adoption or reform of labour law in accordance with international labour standards Bipartism . Tripartite is a process where all individual parties operate opposite each other. Bipartite is the process whereby the employerShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Unions in South Africa19306 Words   |  78 PagesCollectivism, Unionisation and Union Influence: A decline? An investigation into the attitudes and perceptions of South African unionised employees in a single trade union. Shenaz Sheik Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree Masters- Industrial/Organisational Psychology (M.Soc.Sci) School of Psychology University of Kwa-Zulu Natal Howard College Supervisor: Mr. Dean Isaacs A decline in collectivism, unionisation and union influence? 1 Table of Contents 1. ChapterRead MoreDiscuss and Provide Solutions on Inflation, Unemployment, Distribution of Income and Balance of Payments in the S.A. Context7998 Words   |  32 PagesDefinition of Inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Types of Inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Inflation influencing SA the most †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Solutions for inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 B. Addressing unemployment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Define unemployment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Different types of unemployment And the causes thereof †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Solutions to unemployment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Addressing IncomeRead MoreTrade Unions in Malawi13087 Words   |  53 PagesTRADE UNIONS FREDRICK BANDA INTRODUCTION This chapter examines democracy from another angle that is the way democracy is rooted in the collective action of citizens outside of the formal institutions of democratic government. The trade union movement in Malawi dates as far back as the end of the Second World War. It has undergone a process of growth, decline and growth again over the past seven decades or so. To understand how trade unionism has developed in any country, we need to considerRead MoreThe Driving Forces of Globalization2728 Words   |  11 Pagesprocess of increased trade and economic movement between countries and regions. This is a process that has been steadily increasing in growth over many decades. The speed of social and cultural transformation has intensified in recent times bringing with it a growing awareness of other cultures and lifestyles, an interconnectedness of society. Many see the growth of the Multinationals as a key factor in the widespread nature of globalisation resulting in increase in trade and technological advancementsRead MoreImpacts of Global Financial Crisis on Hrm Policies8256 Words   |  34 Pagesshould put a price tag on every employee, but we should also remember that business  organizations  are not synonymous to charitable institutions. Income is always their lifeblood, period. With this,  HR managers  should always find a way to motivate this type of employees, either through training or coaching, before making any drastic actions like transfers, demotion or termination. This is the front cover art for the book  Good to Great  written by  James C. Collins. The book cover art copyright is believedRead MoreHrm in Japan, Usa and Europe9900 Words   |  40 PagesINTRODUCTION The concept of human resource management has attracted considerable attention over the last two decades from scholars and practitioners alike. While part of the debate has centered on its application and theoretical underpinnings, the other has been on its prescriptive value for the survival of organizations in a turbulent and a volatile business environment. More recently, the issue of whether to situate the HRM debate in the organizational or the international context has arisen.Read MoreAlignment of Hr Practices with Business Strategy5515 Words   |  23 Pagesthere are many organisations in South Africa, but Nestle is one of it that is being preferred by many. That makes it a preferred corporate citizen. From Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (International Student’s Edition) defined Employer as a person or company that pays people to work for them. Preferred employer can be viewed as an organisation that pays people to work for it and that it’s condition s and treatments glue the people to the company and attract others to its doors. Preferred supplierRead MoreThe Role Of Hrm16574 Words   |  67 PagesAs long as your efforts made money, you got rich, irrespective of what happened to other parts of the company. As a result, everyone in Enron, including Fastow, acted like hunters – looking out only for themselves. The results of such behaviour are now well known. This is an interesting contrast, and it is by no means unusual. Most managers know that they themselves, and most other people, care about others close to them in their personal lives – their children, old friends, perhaps even someRead MoreEssay on Motivations and Causes of Terrorism3275 Words   |  14 Pagesserious threat in many countries, not surprisingly, given that the underlying causes of the bitter ethnic and religious struggles which spawn terrorism pre-dated the Cold War, and most of these conflicts remain unresolved. While the former Soviet Union sponsored terrorism on an opportunistic basis, the idea that all international terrorism was concerted by the KGB during the Cold War is clearly an over-simplification. The overthrow of the communist dictatorships did remove an important cluster ofRead MoreThe Historical Transformation of Work14383 Words   |  58 Pagessocieties Work in industrial capitalist societies Main features of work in industrial capitalist societies Capitalist industrialization and the primacy of work Crises and industrial capitalism Technological and organizational change The rise of trade unions Women and work in the development of industrial capitalism The dominant conception of work in industrial capitalism Summary and conclusions Further reading Questions for discussion and assessment Before the advent of industrial capitalism approximately

Architectural Engineer Essay - 2344 Words

Architectural Engineer nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An architectural engineer designs structures such as houses, skyscrapers, and bridges based on his knowledge of materials and how they handle forces. I. Introduction A. History B. Definition II. Education A. Suggested high school education 1. General subjects 2. Types of people B. College C. Post-College 1. Internship 2. Becoming registered III. Employment A. Specialization B. Acquiring a job C. The building industry IV. Structures A. Cottages B. Solar houses C. New Jersey Aquarium V. Conclusion nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Architectural engineers are in demand wherever buildings are being designed or constructed (â€Å"Architectural†¦show more content†¦Students are also encouraged to take courses in computer science if such courses are available. In addition, students able to obtain a part-time job in an architect’s office can gain valuable experience (â€Å"Architecture Careers†634). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The type of person who chooses architecture as a profession tends to be highly creative, curious, and inclined to propose global solutions to problems. On the other hand, the type of person who chooses to be an engineer is usually pragmatic, unimaginative, and inclined to compile data to find the best solution. Architectural engineers combine both ways of thinking to learn which way of thinking should be used in certain situations on certain projects. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Architectural engineering students take courses in the theory and practice of aesthetic design, and architectural history with architecture students. They also take courses in calculus, physics, and materials science with engineering students (Belcher 3). â€Å"The most difficult classes were those that involved mechanical and electrical engineering because they only touched on subjects that require years to master (Cox Personal Interview).† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are several steps to becoming an architectural engineer. The first step is to obtain a Bachelor of ScienceShow MoreRelatedEssay on Architectural Engineering978 Words   |  4 Pagesspecialties, the goal of the engineer is the same. The goal is to be able to come up with a cost effective design that aids people in the tasks they face each day. Whether it be the coffee machine in the morning or the roads and highways we travel, or even the cars we travel in, it was all an idea that started with an engineer. Someone engineered each idea to make it the best solution to a problem. Even though engineer’s goals are similar, there are many different things that engineers do within their selectedRead MoreEvaluation Essay : Architectural Engineering1240 Words   |  5 PagesAbigail Gilsdorf Mrs. Van Lieu English 101 14 October 2015 Evaluation Essay: Architectural Engineering As a high schooler, I’ve been told repeatedly to find a career and stick to stick it. I’ve been pushed to figure out my life with very little to work off of. All I was given were interest tests and orders to use my hobbies as a base. Obviously, I didn’t get very far with so little to work with and was always expecting the answer to just come to me. I suppose I have lucked out a bit and it did inRead MoreMy View Of My Dream House935 Words   |  4 Pagesto create a three-dimensional foam architectural model of my dream house. My family built our own house in India last year and on viewing the stages of building a house became one of my interest. 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Houses, schools, shopping centers, offices, apartments, airports, etc. are veryRead MoreMy Dream House Architectural Model1814 Words   |  8 Pages Dream House Architectural Model Foam Custom Built Model Criteria A : Investigating Generally, I revere everything in life, it illustrates a clear explanation of whom I want to become in the future. The grade 10 students were introduced to the MYP personal project and with this in mind, I had many vital ideas executed, but confused to choose a product that contributes to my interests. I love learning and discoveringRead More The Career of Engineering Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagesyourself. What do you see? Maybe books, chairs, a television, or even your clothes. All the day to day things that are man-made, you can be sure that an engineer helped make it. Engineers have shaped our world as we know it. There are many different kinds of engineers from chemical, mechanical, textile, civil, agricultural and structural engineers. Our civilization would be as advanced as the Stone Age without these people. This career demands a wide education of math and science. It is an ever-changingRead MoreEssay on Does an Architect’s Ego Get in the Way of Sensible Design? 1017 Words   |  5 Pageshow – as the title suggest- the user is the main focal point of when designing a building and how architects use it to their advantage and design responsively and sometimes disregard that as it’s a threat to their ego: â€Å"One of the aims of the architectural profession is to further the idea that only architects make buildings and spaces that deserves the title architecture, suggesting that the user is predictable and has no part in the creation of architecture. The user is an important considerationRead MoreThe Psychology of Architecture Essay1004 Words   |  5 Pages and welfare which are all very important in keeping buildings desirable for both living and working conditions. Cortese says, â€Å"This group connected the traditional definitions of the architect’s roles and ambitions from the Roman engineer and the first architectural educator, Vitruvius to modern day code standards†, this is reinforcing that the same fu ndamentals have been around for years but are transformed to modern relations.(6) Over all these triangles have the overall message and remembranceRead MoreRole Of A Professional Civil Engineer1378 Words   |  6 Pagesthere are some key works that engineers doing in our daily life. Moreover, this article will introduce how civil engineers do for their professional. And what kind of ethics that engineers require to be respect. In addition, how do they practice to solve issues to avoid failure generate again. This report will shows the roles of engineers do in manufacturing industry and what kind of works that they need to complete. Base on a large number of requirements that engineers need to practice to engage inRead MorePerpustakaan Negara and Pusat Sains Negara1012 Words   |  4 Pagesand concepts of traditional architecture by applying the concepts into the building structure and elements. Apparently, this can be seen at the British Council Building in Malaysia. It is a combination of a Malay traditional roof with a British architectural style which can be seen as a whole structure and design. Malaysia has been influenced by British colonial architecture. There are several styles of Architecture which can be classified such as influence in Moorish architecture, Neo-Classical architecture

Architecture for Innovation at London Aquatic- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theArchitecture for Innovation at London Aquatic Centre. Answer: The historical significance of London Aquatic Centre The London Aquatic Centre is referred to an indoor facility which is consists of two fifty meter swimming pools and a 25-meter diving pool. The mentioned aquatic centre is located in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London. In the year 2012, the London Aquatic Park was the centre of attraction and excitement during the London Olympic and Paralympics game. After the Olympic and Paralympics game was over, the aquatic centre has gone through a lot of transformation. In 2014, the London Aquatic Centre was reopened after vivid transformation. From that day, till now, the venue is open to all. Innovation at London aquatic centre The mentioned aquatic centre was designed by the globally renowned architect Zaha Hadid in the year 2004. The concept of the centre came from moving water. Initially, the spectator wings were not the part of the centre. It was later added to accommodate the spectators during Olympic 2012 (London Aquatic Centre 2018). Now, the total sitting capacity of the centre is 2800. After the completion of the games, 8 external doors and 628 glass panes have been installed in the centre which allows natural light in the pool. Along with that, the venue has been converted into leisure and sports facility after the Olympics and Paralympics game is over. In order to aspire the athletes, two giant video boards and a timing system has been introduced. Reference List: London Aquatic Centre. 2018.History of the London Aquatics Centre. [online] Available at: https://www.londonaquaticscentre.org/about/history [Accessed 15 Apr. 2018].

Interpretation of Anger by Linda Pastan free essay sample

Many poets compare animals to feelings or objects (whether tangible or intangible), because it is easy for a person to comprehend what an author is actually feeling through everyday comparisons to animals (i. e a lion symbolizes pride or courage). For example: In the poem â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† by author Walt Whitman, he compares his soul to the spider, â€Å"ceaselessly musing, venturing, throwing, seeking the / spheres that connect them †. Linda Pastan uses this animal-to-feeling metaphor in her poem â€Å"Anger† by comparing her anger to a common household pet, a dog. Many images come to my mind when I read this poem on a literal level. A lot of them are actually more personal than not. I have gone through many therapy sessions throughout my childhood and then more throughout my teenage years, having a bottled up (or as Pastan says â€Å"caged up†) anger inside of me constantly, trying to find a way to finally release it without hurting others or myself. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpretation of Anger by Linda Pastan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So in a sense, this poem â€Å"hits it home† with me. My first thought was that she was actually talking to herself, like having a fight in her own mind about either letting her anger loose or keeping it in. I then thought since the first lines of the actual poem are â€Å"You tell me / That its alright † it sounds as if she is talking to a second person, actually having a conversation, or argument, with them. However after reading it through a few more times, I began to think that it was both of these, both an internal and external struggle going. Throughout the whole poem, she explains this whole ugly, detestable, belligerent thing that she seems to be frustrated to be holding on to it. I believe that the actual argument reaches its climax when she insults the second person saying,† Ah, you think you know so much / you whose anger is a pet dog / its canines dull with disuse. † , and it reaches its end when she finally decides, although frustrated with it, to just hold it in. She goes through the rest of the poem using both the first and the second person pronouns, referencing both herself and the other person in the poem. She actually compares herself to the other person, by saying that they are both opposites. I read this poem over in many different ways. Ive had to analyze it intensely to actually understand even a deeper meaning to it, rather than the literal meaning to it. This poem, I believe, can relate to all of us as human beings. We all have feelings of anger sometime or another, and at the same time we all debate with ourselves, as well as other people, to let it out or not. I know personally I have struggled with this many times. Like Linda Pastan I have compared not just my anger, but all anger in general, to an animal. I know about holding so much anger that it seems like a â€Å"rabid thing†. I believe not only is she scared to â€Å"let it out† not only because she might not only hurt someone else, but herself as well. Its pretty obvious that she holds a reluctance towards the other person, but she also does not hold herself as a very strong person, because she doesnt think that she can actually â€Å"tame† her own anger. The central metaphor in the the poem is a very obvious one, she is comparing anger to a dog. I believe she does this, because in a persons mind an animal such as a dog, compares very well to different feelings. A dog is a very good animal to compare with anger, because, like anger, it can be either tame or wild, depending on how you â€Å"train† it and/or how a person is naturally. She says,† But mine is a rabid thing, sharpening its teeth / on my very bones. † This leaves a very strong feeling in the minds of readers. Its obvious that her anger is not controllable and that fact that she says that it sharpens its teeth on her bones, shows that its also wearing away at her. On the other hand she has this to say about the other person,† you whose anger is a pet dog / its canines dull with disuse. This is also a very strong line, because it says a lot about how she feels about them, but shows how the person is as well. Throughout the whole poem she uses a lot of very strong vocabulary, building up the central metaphor. Lines 4 and 5 of the poem,† though it may claw someone, / even bite. †, line 8 to line 10,† But loose it may / turn on me, maul / my f ace, draw blood. †, and lines 14 and 15,†But mine is a rabid thing, sharpening its teeth / on my very bones. † shows how she feels about her own anger, and I believe it is both hate and fear at the same time. Line 11 to line 13,† Ah, you think you know so much, / you whose anger is a pet dog, / its canines dull with disuse. † shows more of her personality, her sarcasm. It also shows that she holds some anger towards the second person. The poem Anger by Linda Pastan holds much truth about about a humans personality, not just her own. The fact that she references both sides of anger, both mild and extreme, shows that she knows that both sides exist, just as different people exist with many types of anger. Many people, including me, can read this poem and relate to it just as I have.

New Technological Advances within the Police Department

New Technological Advances within the Police Department Mytown Police Department is one of the beneficiaries of a federal grant. The grant aims at upgrading the equipment and technology used in the organization. According to the parameters used in the grant process, it is obligatory that the organization should use novel equipment in promoting decision making and operations in the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Technological Advances within the Police Department specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As the Deputy Chief, I am tasked with the responsibility of identifying novel technological advances, which are in agreement with the grant criteria. Moreover, the technologies should enable the organization to develop and grow. This paper aims at identifying three novel technological advances, which are linked to criminal justice. Moreover, there will be a detailed explanation of the use of these technologies, as well as their benefits. More specifically, there will be a keen focus on how the technologies will enhance and inform strategic and operational decisions. Technological Advances Technology possesses a huge transformational power within the criminal justice sector. Evidently, the revolution of technology, which is being noted in every sector, is not an exception in the criminal justice department. The criminal justice system cannot avoid technology. The technology is taking place at a relatively fast pace (Pattavina, 2004). For instance, police officers put on bullet proof vests routinely. Community groups possess the capability of establishing crime incidences via the utilization of complex computerized crime diagrams. This paper will discuss three technologies; DNA technology, information technology, and drug testing technology. Detailed Explanation on How the Technologies will be used DNA technology DNA technology has become increasingly significant in the criminal justice system. It has greatly led to escalated levels of fairne ss and accuracy within the system. DNA is increasingly being utilized in criminal identification. This is achieved with unbelievable accuracy. This is in cases where there is existence of biological evidence, and DNA is the selected option for clearing suspects and exonerating individuals, who were convicted or accused mistakenly for particular criminal activities (Lazer, 2004). DNA technology has a major role in post- conviction review (the court’s science) and assisting investigators. The biologic centrality involved in DNA ensures that potential and actual forensic applications are exceptionally relevant and powerful.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For effective use of DNA technology, it is necessary that there is adequate backing, training, and funding. Support should be given to judges, defense lawyers, prosecutors, victim service providers, medical professio nals, police, and local, state, and federal forensic labs. Creating knowledge to these groups of people will ensure that the technology is used maximally in missing persons’ identification, protecting innocent individuals, and solving crimes. There are numerous cases involving missing people and unidentified human remains, which can be solved effectively through the use of DNA technology. There are several measures which can ensure a convincing and secure environment for DNA. Majority of the specialists who deal with criminal justice need sufficient support and training, in regard to the utilization and acquisition of DNA evidence. Moreover, there is a need for stimulating research and coming up with novel DNA advances and technologies in the area. Hrechak and McHugh (1990) argue that crime laboratories need improvement for effective analysis of samples. Information Technology Information technology advances have contributed significantly in crime deterrence and detection, in regard to criminal activities. There is a need for decision makers within the system to learn the various mechanism involved in information technology. These involve the implementation, evaluation, and acquisition of novel information solutions. This is an extremely vital aspect in a system, where the public funds’ accountability and effectiveness in IT solutions’ implementation cannot be underrated. Therefore, comprehensive awareness creation is essential so as to avoid unrealistic expectations, as far as equipment performance is concerned. Information technology is directly connected to cybercrime and its impacts on the society. Policing agencies use fake websites and honeypots to track and catch sexual predators. Moreover, information technology is used to improve retailers’ websites, which hinders hacking. This is usually achieved without interfering with how effectively customers use it. In addition, there is the aspect of design and utilization of technol ogically advanced products, for instance Clipper Chip, which can enable the government unscramble encrypted files. It is worth emphasizing that there is need for the balance between privacy and information accessibility.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Technological Advances within the Police Department specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Drug Testing Technology Urinalysis is the key testing methodology in the entire system. Drug testing is carried out in the entire criminal justice system stages. These stages include parole, probation, incarceration, arrest, and pretrial phase. Drug testing is carried out for a number of reasons (Cole, Smith DeJong, 2012). The first reason is informing judges about sentencing and bail- setting. For instance, if an individual tests positive for drugs during arrest, there may be pretrial release and consequent drug tests. If the next drug test turns out negative, the bail could be revoked. A drug test could also indicate if all the necessary conditions and rules were adhered to. In cases where a defendant is monitored at every stage, a drug test can act as the proof that the individual is drug free. The results obtained can be used as evidence during the revocation hearings. It is worth noting that drugs tests are useful in prisons for assessing the prevalence of drug abuse in rehabilitation facilities. Drug tests are also imperative in identifying the individuals who require drug rehabilitation. The tests are vital for persons being monitored for drug treatment. In the criminal justice arena, urinalysis is carried out through chromatography and immunoassays. Antibodies are principal in identifying drugs in urine. The specimen is consequently compared using a calibrator. The calibrator has a certain amount of the drug being tested. A positive drug test is indicated by an equal or greater specimen compared to the calibrator. On the other hand, a negative test has a lower specimen compared to the calibrator. In chromatography, the procedures used are meant to recognize and isolate the specimen’s components. In urinalysis, mass spectrometry and gas chromatography are considered are the legally defensible procedures. In addition to the procedures discussed, there is saliva, hair, and blood analysis. However, these are rarely used in the criminal justice system, as they are exceptionally expensive and have insufficient development of technology. Benefits (Enhancing and Informing Strategic and Operational Decisions) It is worth emphasizing that DNA technology has been extremely beneficial in exonerating the innocent. According to Berger (2006), this is usually achieved through post- conviction testing. It is imperative that keen measures are put in place, because exoneration does not always imply innocence. The fact that the DNA from a defendant is absent on significant evidence, does not always mean that no crime was committed. For in stance, there might have been sexual assault but no ejaculation. The evidence’s context is considered the principal thing in comprehending DNA results.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is worth pointing out that technology should not be considered as the driving force towards transformation. On the contrary, it should be seen as the agent for criminal justice transformation. This should be accomplished in a way that promotes the department’s ability to curb crime. This is in addition to the desire to promote justice through ways which agree with the community’s democratic values. Singer, Miller and Adya (2007) assert that iinformation technology can be extremely beneficial in community policing. There is a need for solid partnerships between police departments and the information technology industry. This will enhance novel science to promote reforms in community policing. A positive drug test indicates that the individual in mentioned abused drugs. However, there is a need to come up with procedures through which the drug dosage, time of drug administration, method of administration, and the level of impairment caused can be determined. It is the refore evident that drug testing is useful in the criminal justice system in that it assists in decision making and operational procedures. A negative drug test indicates that an individual is innocent, and he might be consequently released. In essence, drug technology, information technology, and drug testing technology are extremely vital in the criminal justice system. They are vital in regard to decision making and operations. Therefore, every expert in the field should possess the skills to use these technologies. References Berger, M. A. (2006). The impact of DNA exonerations on the criminal justice system. The Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics, 34(2), 320-327. Cole, G. F., Smith, C. E., DeJong, C. (2012). The American system of criminal justice. Wadsworth Publishing Company. Hrechak, A. K., McHugh, J. A. (1990). Automated fingerprint recognition using structural matching. Pattern Recognition, 23(8), 893-904. Lazer, D. (2004). DNA and the criminal justice system: The technolo gy of justice. The MIT Press. Pattavina, A. (Ed.). (2004). Information technology and the criminal justice system. SAGE Publications, Incorporated. Singer, J. A., Miller, M. K., Adya, M. (2007). Impact of DNA and Other Technology on the Criminal Justice System: Improvements and Complications, The. Alb. LJ Sci. Tech., 17, 87.

The High School English Classes You Should Take

The High School English Classes You Should Take SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It's no secret that colleges want you to take English class each year of high school. But what exactly are you supposed to be learning? What options do you have to exceed expectations and show off your stuff? And what if you're such a book-loving reader that in the dictionary under "bibliophile" there's a picture of you- how can you really max out your high school English experience? Read on to learn about the common core, honors and AP classes, and going beyond what the standard curriculum offers! What Do Colleges Expect? You'll be hard-pressed to find a college that doesn't expect you to have taken 4 years of English or Language Arts classes. Likewise, the vast majority of high schools require 4 years of English in order for you to graduate. These 4 years are cumulative, meaning each year builds on what you learned before, and now each year is most likely based on the common core standards. So, colleges assume that when you start freshman year, you've been learning all of this: 9th Grade is the setup year you practice basic essay-writing skills you study different literary genres you analyze narrative voice, characters, and plot 10th Grade is the building year you practice the outlining, drafting, and revising process you focus on themes and literary devices like imagery and voice 11th Grade focuses on American literature your writing gets more complex, as you do your own research and use outside sources you now start reading not just for content but also for historical context, period, setting, and point of view this is a good year to take American history as well 12th Grade looks out at the world you read British literature and sometimes world literature, depending on your high school you put all your skills together, analyzing complex literature and nonfiction you produce research papers, presentations, and maybe even multimedia projects this may be a good year to also take European or world history Common Core Reading Standards There's... a lot of choice. Having a guide helps. Want to know the type of books colleges assume you will have read by the time you get in? Here are some examples of what the common core standards want you to be reading in high school, broken down by year: Literature: Stories, Drama, Poetry Informational Texts: Literary Nonfiction and Historical, Scientific, and Technical Texts 9th - 10th Grade The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare (1592) "Speech to the Second Virginia Convention" by Patrick Henry (1775) "Ozymandias" by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1817) "Farewell Address" by George Washington (1796) "The Raven" by Edgar Allen Poe (1845) "Gettysburg Address" by Abraham Lincoln (1863) "The Gift of the Magi" by O. Henry (1906) "State of the Union Address" by Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1941) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (1939) "Letter from Birmingham Jail" by Martin Luther King, Jr. (1964) Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury (1953) "Hope, Despair and Memory" by Elie Wiesel (1997) The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara (1975) 11th - 12th Grade "Ode on a Grecian Urn" by John Keats (1820) Common Sense by Thomas Paine (1776) Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà « (1848) Walden by Henry David Thoreau (1854) "Because I Could Not Stop for Death" by Emily Dickinson (1890) "Society and Solitude" by Ralph Waldo Emerson (1857) The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald (1925) "The Fallacy of Success" by G. K. Chesterton (1909) Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston (1937) Black Boy by Richard Wright (1945) A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry (1959) "Politics and the English Language" by George Orwell (1946) The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri (2003) "Take the Tortillas Out of Your Poetry" by Rudolfo Anaya (1995) If you want a very long breakdown of what the common core recommends you study, check out their year-by-year guide. How Can I Exceed Expectations? Honors Classes These will most likely be similar to the standard classes your school offers, but the works you read will be more challenging and the assignments more complex and demanding. In other words, you'll do more work and put in more effort, but you'll be better prepared for college-level writing! Pro tip: in your school, honors classes may be a prerequisite for AP classes. AP English Classes There are two AP English options: AP English Language and Composition if your school offers both AP English classes, this is the one you'll take Junior year this class and exam are all about how writers do what they do: how they use rhetoric, genre, style, and how they play with audience expectations AP English Literature and Composition if your school offers both AP English classes, this is the one you'll take senior year this class and exam have to do with critical analysis, close reading, literary structure, themes, as well as imagery IB Diploma Classes There are three IB literature options: Language A: Literature this course focuses on the analysis of literary texts Language A: Language and Literature this class takes the analysis further by looking at both literary and non literary genres, and by considering how the context of writing or reading something affects its meaning Literature and Performance this class is all about the relationship between literature and theater, focusing on close reading, critical writing and the aesthetic and symbolic elements of performance Both Language A classes are offered in a variety of languages, and Literature and Performance can be taken in French or Spanish by special request, so these may be great options for non-native speakers or bilingual students. Some IB diploma classes can be taken online, but the closest you'll come to English online is the Film SL class, which is all about the history, formal elements, technical production, and of course critical analysis of film. What If I'm an English Class Junkie? Is There More? Please, sir, may I have some more... English class? In this bowl, for some reason? Check Out Your School's Electives This is the time to think just a little bit outside the box! For example, classes in creative writing offer a great window into later being able to see how someone else did it. Electives in the humanities can often offer what is basically a modified literature class. And there are many other subjects that focus on reading, analyzing, and writing about texts- subjects like philosophy, theater studies, world religions, psychology, or anthropology. Design Your Own Course Your school is your resource, so don't be afraid to get creative. Consider asking a teacher to help you set up an independent project or independent study to explore your interests! For example, in my senior year, on top of my coursework, with the help of my favorite English teacher I designed an independent study of reading and writing poetry. It was incredibly rewarding! Take High School Classes Online For instance, Stanford University has an online high school which features 7 English courses and lets you enroll to take as many of them as you want. Brown University also offers a set of online pre-college courses. They have 4 related classes on nonfiction, travel writing, formal college writing, and a humanities seminar on evolutionary thought. Take Summer Classes on College Campuses You can check out our guide to the Summer Institute for the Gifted or all the info we have collected about Stanford's two summer programs. Take Some Online College-Level Classes Are you super confident in your abilities or interested in something specific you can't find anywhere else? Maybe the best thing for you to do is prove yourself on a whole another level! Just think, doing well on a college-level course will look great on your transcript, and you might even get college credit for it! What's Next? Need to improve your acquaintance with key literary terms? Use our articles on personification, imagery, rhetorical devices, point of view, literary elements, assonance, and iambic pentameter to aid you in your quest. Still wrestling over whether AP or IB is better? Check out our guide to deciding between them. Curious how your writing skills will apply to the SAT? Read about how to improve your SAT writing score, or better yet, how to get a perfect 800 and how to get a 12 on the SAT essay. And don't forget to read about the ACT Writing test and SAT essay. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Early-Modern Ethiopian Migration to Italy and the Question of European Essay - 1

Early-Modern Ethiopian Migration to Italy and the Question of European Racism - Essay Example It is worth mentioning that Ethiopia does not have strong historic ties with Italy because the Italian kings were involved in military ventures with the nation in late 1890s and 1930s. Italy initially had control on Somaliland, Libya and Eritrea. Hence, it also had an inclination to expand its empire by gaining administrative and military control on Ethiopia, which enjoys unique location that contributes significantly to its geographical importance in Africa. Nevertheless, Italy faced strong resistance from Ethiopian military in 1890s; thereby resulting in its failure to accomplish its evil intentions against this African nation. However, the stronger Italy easily defeated Ethiopian army in 1935 war and gained what it desired. Later, Ethiopians and British banished Italian ruling forces after which Ethiopia emerged as an independent nation on the map of world (Kwintessential Report, n.d). Historians, theorists and international Relations researchers such as Fransen and Kuschminder (2009) have argued that the major reason towards internal and external migration of Ethiopian refugees is political unrest and uncertain economic environment. Nonetheless, Ethiopia in past was known to be a poor nation where unemployment rates were extremely high as a large number of people were below poverty line.

2000 word essay which explores the concept of evidence based practice

2000 word which explores the concept of evidence based practice and evaluates its relavance and contribution to practice - Essay Example For instance, depression (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Lowe, et al 2001) and anxiety disorders (American Psychiatric Association; 2000), particularly obsessive compulsive disorder (Halmi et al., 2003), are among the comorbid conditions found in people with eating disorders. In adolescent-onset anorexia, depression appears to be triggered by the eating disorder, and the individual is put at risk for experiencing future depressive episodes (Ivarsson et al, 2000). Although anorexia affects persons of all ages, adolescence appears to be the developmental period of particular significance in the etiology of eating disorders; hence, identification and clinical intervention during this stage are crucial. This paper aims to synthesise and critically analyse the existing research on the treatment of anorexia nervosa in adolescence from the perspective of evidence based practice, more particularly family therapy systems approach. The term â€Å"evidence-based† is prevalent within the health care setting today. If there is any doubt, a quick glance at the current medical and allied health research literature would remove it. Medical doctors, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, music therapists, and many others, have begun to describe their treatment interventions as evidence-based. As with most established theories and concepts, the thoughts and beliefs behind evidence-based medicine have been traced by some to practices of ancient cultures throughout history (Sackett et al, 1996). However, most authors on the subject will credit Archie Cochrane, Scottish epidemiologist, with developing the modern concept behind evidence-based medicine, which was made popular through his landmark text Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services (White, 1997). The most widely known and commonly quoted definition of evidence-based

Alexander Popes the Rape of the Lock Essay Example for Free

Alexander Popes the Rape of the Lock Essay The Rape of the Lock begins with a passage outlining the subject of the poem and invoking the aid of the muse. Then the sun (â€Å"Sol†) appears to initiate the leisurely morning routines of a wealthy household. Lapdogs shake themselves awake, bells begin to ring, and although it is already noon, Belinda still sleeps. She has been dreaming, and we learn that â€Å"her guardian Sylph,† Ariel, has sent the dream. The dream is of a handsome youth who tells her that she is protected by â€Å"unnumbered Spirits†Ã¢â‚¬â€an army of supernatural beings who once lived on earth as human women. The youth explains that they are the invisible guardians of women’s chastity, although the credit is usually mistakenly given to â€Å"Honor† rather than to their divine stewardship. Of these Spirits, one particular group—the Sylphs, who dwell in the air—serve as Belinda’s personal guardians; they are devoted, lover-like, to any woman that â€Å"rejects mankind,† and they understand and reward the vanities of an elegant and frivolous lady like Belinda. Ariel, the chief of all Belinda’s puckish protectors, warns her in the dream that â€Å"some dread event† is going to befall her that day, though he can tell her nothing more specific than that she should â€Å"beware of Man!† Then Belinda awakes, to the licking tongue of her lapdog, Shock. Upon the delivery of a billet-doux, or love-letter, she forgets all about the dream. She then proceeds to her dressing table and goes through an elaborate ritual of dressing, in which her own image in the mirror is described as a â€Å"heavenly image,† a â€Å"goddess.† The Sylphs, unseen, assist their charge as she prepares herself for the day’s activities. Commentary The opening of the poem establishes its mock-heroic style. Pope introduces the conventional epic subjects of love and war and includes an invocation to the muse and a dedication to the man (the historical John Caryll) who commissioned the poem. Yet the tone already indicates that the high seriousness of these traditional topics has suffered a diminishment. The second line confirms in explicit terms what the first line already suggests: the â€Å"am’rous causes† the poem describes are not comparable to the grand love  of Greek heroes but rather represent a trivialized version of that emotion. The â€Å"contests† Pope alludes to will prove to be â€Å"mighty† only in an ironic sense. They are card-games and flirtatious tussles, not the great battles of epic tradition. Belinda is not, like Helen of Troy, â€Å"the face that launched a thousand ships† (see the SparkNote on The Iliad), but rather a face that—although also beautiful—prompt s a lot of foppish nonsense. The first two verse-paragraphs emphasize the comic inappropriateness of the epic style (and corresponding mind-set) to the subject at hand. Pope achieves this discrepancy at the level of the line and half-line; the reader is meant to dwell on the incompatibility between the two sides of his parallel formulations. Thus, in this world, it is â€Å"little men† who in â€Å"tasks so bold engage†; and â€Å"soft bosoms† are the dwelling-place for â€Å"mighty rage.† In this startling juxtaposition of the petty and the grand, the former is real while the latter is ironic. In mock epic, the high heroic style works not to dignify the subject but rather to expose and ridicule it. Therefore, the basic irony of the style supports the substance of the poem’s satire, which attacks the misguided values of a society that takes small matters for serious ones while failing to attend to issues of genuine importance. With Belinda’s dream, Pope introduces the â €Å"machinery† of the poem—the supernatural powers that influence the action from behind the scenes. Here, the sprites that watch over Belinda are meant to mimic the gods of the Greek and Roman traditions, who are sometimes benevolent and sometimes malicious, but always intimately involved in earthly events. The scheme also makes use of other ancient hierarchies and systems of order. Ariel explains that women’s spirits, when they die, return â€Å"to their first Elements.† Each female personality type (these types correspond to the four humours) is converted into a particular kind of sprite. These gnomes, sylphs, salamanders, and nymphs, in turn, are associated with the four elements of earth, air, fire, and water. The airy sylphs are those who in their lifetimes were â€Å"light Coquettes†; they have a particular concern for Belinda because she is of this type, and this will be the aspect of feminine nature with which the poem is most concerned. Indeed, Pope already begins to sketch this character of the â€Å"coquette† in this initial canto. He draws th e portrait indirectly, through characteristics of the Sylphs rather than of Belinda herself. Their priorities reveal that the central concerns of  womanhood, at least for women of Belinda’s class, are social ones. Woman’s â€Å"joy in gilded Chariots† indicates an obsession with pomp and superficial splendor, while â€Å"love of Ombre,† a fashionable card game, suggests frivolity. The erotic charge of this social world in turn prompts another central concern: the protection of chastity. These are women who value above all the prospect marrying to advantage, and they have learned at an early age how to promote themselves and manipulate their suitors without compromising themselves. The Sylphs become an allegory for the mannered conventions that govern female social behavior. Principles like honor and chastity have become no more than another part of conventional interaction. Pope makes it clear that these women are not conducting themselves on the basis of abstract moral principles, but are governed by an elaborate social mechanism—of which the Sylphs cut a fitting caricature. And while Pope’s technique of employing supernatural machinery allows him to critique this situation, it also helps to keep the satire light and to exonerate individual women from too severe a judgment. If Belinda has all the typical female foibles, Pope wants us to recognize that it is partly because she has been educated and trained to act in this way. The society as a whole is as much to blame as she is. Nor are men exempt from this judgment. The competition among the young lords for the attention of beautiful ladies is depicted as a battle of vanity, as â€Å"wigs with wigs, with sword-knots sword-knots strive.† Pope’s phrases here expose an absurd attention to exhibitions of pride and ostentation. He emphasizes the inanity of discriminating so closely between things and people that are essentially the same in all important (and even most unimportant) respects. Pope’s portrayal of Belinda at her dressing table introduces mock-heroic motifs that will run through the poem. The scene of her toilette is rendered first as a religious sacrament, in which Belinda herself is the priestess and her image in the looking glass is the Goddess she serves. This parody of the religious rites before a battle gives way, then, to another kind of mock-epic scene, that of the ritualized arming of the hero. Combs, pins, and cosmetics take the place of weapons as â€Å"awful Beauty puts on all its arms.† Canto 2 Summary Belinda, rivaling the sun in her radiance, sets out by boat on the river Thames for Hampton Court Palace. She is accompanied by a party of glitzy ladies (â€Å"Nymphs†) and gentlemen, but is far and away the most striking member of the group. Pope’s description of her charms includes â€Å"the sparkling Cross she wore† on her â€Å"white breast,† her â€Å"quick† eyes and â€Å"lively looks,† and the easy grace with which she bestows her smiles and attentions evenly among all the adoring guests. Her crowning glories, though, are the two ringlets that dangle on her â€Å"iv’ry neck.† These curls are described as love’s labyrinths, specifically designed to ensnare any poor heart who might get entangled in them. One of the young gentlemen on the boat, the Baron, particularly admires Belinda’s locks, and has determined to steal them for himself. We read that he rose early that morning to build an altar to love and pray for success in this project. He sacrificed several tokens of his former affections, including garters, gloves, and billet-doux (love-letters). He then prostrated himself before a pyre built with â€Å"all the trophies of his former loves,† fanning its flames with his â€Å"am’rous sighs.† The gods listened to his prayer but decided to grant only half of it. As the pleasure-boat continues on its way, everyone is carefree except Ariel, who remembers that some bad event has been foretold for the day. He summons an army of sylphs, who assemble around him in their iridescent beauty. He reminds them with great ceremony that one of their duties, after regulating celestial bodies and the weather and guarding the British monarch, is â€Å"to tend the Fair†: to keep watch over ladies’ powders, perfumes, curls, and clothing, and to â€Å"assist their blushes, and inspire their airs.† Therefore, since â€Å"some dire disaster† threatens Belinda, Ariel assigns her an extensive troop of bodyguards. Brillante is to guard her earrings, Momentilla her watch, and Crispissa her locks. Ariel himself will protect Shock, the lapdog. A band of fifty Sylphs will guard the all-important petticoat. Ariel pronounces that any sylph who neglects his assigned duty will be severely punished. They disperse to their posts and wait for fate to unfold. Commentary From the first, Pope describes Belinda’s beauty as something divine, an assessment which she herself corroborates in the first canto when she  creates, at least metaphorically, an altar to her own image. This praise is certainly in some sense ironical, reflecting negatively on a system of public values in which external characteristics rank higher than moral or intellectual ones. But Pope also shows a real reverence for his heroine’s physical and social charms, claiming in lines 17–18 that these are compelling enough to cause one to forget her â€Å"female errors.† Certainly he has some interest in flattering Arabella Fermor, the real-life woman on whom Belinda is based; in order for his poem to achieve the desired reconciliation, it must not offend (see â€Å"Context†. Pope also exhibits his appreciation for the ways in which physical beauty is an art form: he recognizes, with a mixture of censure and awe, the fact that Belinda’s legendary locks of hair, which appear so natural and spontaneous, are actually a carefully contrived effect. In this, the mysteries of the lady’s dressing table are akin, perhaps, to Pope’s own literary art, which he describes elsewhere as â€Å"nature to advantage dress’d.† If the secret mechanisms and techniques of female beauty get at least a passing nod of appreciation from the author, he nevertheless suggests that the general human readiness to worship beauty amounts to a kind of sacrilege. The cross that Belinda wears around her neck serves a more ornamental than symbolic or religious function. Because of this, he says, it can be adored by â€Å"Jews† and â€Å"Infidels† as readily as by Christians. And there is some ambiguity about whether any of the admirers are really valuing the cross itself, or the â€Å"white breast† on which it lies—or the felicitous effect of the whole. The Baron, of course, is the most significant of those who worship at the altar of Belinda’s beauty. The ritual sacrifices he performs in the pre-d awn hours are another mock-heroic element of the poem, mimicking the epic tradition of sacrificing to the gods before an important battle or journey, and drapes his project with an absurdly grand import that actually only exposes its triviality. The fact that he discards all his other love tokens in these preparations reveals his capriciousness as a lover. Earnest prayer, in this parodic scene, is replaced by the self-indulgent sighs of the lover. By having the gods grant only half of what the Baron asks, Pope alludes to the epic convention by which the favor of the gods is only a mixed blessing: in epic poems, to win the sponsorship of one god is to incur the wrath of another; divine gifts, such as immortality, can seem a blessing but become a  curse. Yet in this poem, the ramifications of a prayer â€Å"half† granted are negligible rather than tragic; it merely means that he will manage to steal just one lock rather than both of them. In the first canto, the religious imagery surrounding Belinda’s grooming rituals gave way to a militaristic conceit. Here, the same pattern holds. Her curls are compared to a trap perfectly calibrated to ensnare the enemy. Yet the character of female coyness is such that it se eks simultaneously to attract and repel, so that the counterpart to the enticing ringlets is the formidable petticoat. This undergarment is described as a defensive armament comparable to the Shield of Achilles (see Scroll XVIII of The Iliad), and supported in its function of protecting the maiden’s chastity by the invisible might of fifty Sylphs. The Sylphs, who are Belinda’s protectors, are essentially charged to protect her not from failure but from too great a success in attracting men. This paradoxical situation dramatizes the contradictory values and motives implied in the era’s sexual conventions. In this canto, the sexual allegory of the poem begins to come into fuller view. The title of the poem already associates the cutting of Belinda’s hair with a more explicit sexual conquest, and here Pope cultivates that suggestion. He multiplies his sexually metaphorical language for the incident, adding words like â€Å"ravish† and â€Å"betray† to the â€Å"rape† of the title. He also slips in some commentary on the implications of his society’s sexual mores, as when he remarks that â€Å"when success a Lover’s toil attends, / few ask, if fraud or force attain’d his ends.† When Ariel speculates about the possible forms the â€Å"dire disaster† might take, he includes a breach of chastity (â€Å"Diana’s law†), the breaking of china (another allusion to the loss of virginity), and the staining of honor or a gown (the two incommensurate events could happen equally easily and accidentally). He also mentions some pettier social â€Å"disasters† against which the Sylphs are equally prepared to fight, like missing a ball (here, as grave as missing prayers) or losing the lapdog. In the Sylphs’ defensive efforts, Belinda’s petticoat is the battlefield that requires the most extensive fortifications. This fact furthers the idea that the rape of the lock stands in for a literal rape, or at least re presents a threat to her chastity more serious than just the mere theft of a curl. Summary The boat arrives at Hampton Court Palace, and the ladies and gentlemen disembark to their courtly amusements. After a pleasant round of chatting and gossip, Belinda sits down with two of the men to a game of cards. They play ombre, a three-handed game of tricks and trumps, somewhat like bridge, and it is described in terms of a heroic battle: the cards are troops combating on the â€Å"velvet plain† of the card-table. Belinda, under the watchful care of the Sylphs, begins favorably. She declares spades as trumps and leads with her highest cards, sure of success. Soon, however, the hand takes a turn for the worse when â€Å"to the Baron fate inclines the field†: he catches her king of clubs with his queen and then leads back with his high diamonds. Belinda is in danger of being beaten, but recovers in the last trick so as to just barely win back the amount she bid. The next ritual amusement is the serving of coffee. The curling vapors of the steaming coffee remind the Baron of his intention to attempt Belinda’s lock. Clarissa draws out her scissors for his use, as a lady would arm a knight in a romance. Taking up the scissors, he tries three times to clip the lock from behind without Belinda seeing. The Sylphs endeavor furiously to intervene, blowing the hair out of harm’s way and tweaking her diamond earring to make her turn around. Ariel, in a last-minute effort, gains access to her brain, where he is surprised to find â€Å"an earthly lover lurking at her heart.† He gives up protecting her then; the implication is that she secretly wants to be violated. Finally, the shears close on the curl. A daring sylph jumps in between the blades and is cut in two; but being a supernatural creature, he is quickly restored. The deed is done, and the Baron exults while Belinda’s screams fill the air. Commentary This canto is full of classic examples of Pope’s masterful use of the heroic couplet. In introducing Hampton Court Palace, he describes it as the place where Queen Anne â€Å"dost sometimes counsel take—and sometimes tea.† This line employs a zeugma, a rhetorical device in which a word or phrase modifies two other words or phrases in a parallel construction, but modifies each in a different way or according to a different sense. Here, the modifying word is â€Å"take†; it applies to the paralleled terms â€Å"counsel† and â€Å"tea.† But one does  not â€Å"take† tea in the same way one takes counsel, and the effect of the zeugma is to show the royal residence as a place that houses both serious matters of state and frivolous social occasions. The reader is asked to contemplate that paradox and to reflect on the relative value and importance of these two different registers of activity. (For another example of this rhetorical techniq ue, see lines 157–8: â€Å"Not louder shrieks to pitying heaven are cast, / when husbands, or when lapdogs breathe their last.†) A similar point is made, in a less compact phrasing, in the second and third verse-paragraphs of this canto. Here, against the gossip and chatter of the young lords and ladies, Pope opens a window onto more serious matters that are occurring â€Å"meanwhile† and elsewhere, including criminal trials and executions, and economic exchange. The rendering of the card game as a battle constitutes an amusing and deft narrative feat. By parodying the battle scenes of the great epic poems, Pope is suggesting that the energy and passion once applied to brave and serious purposes is now expended on such insignificant trials as games and gambling, which often become a mere front for flirtation. The structure of â€Å"the three attempts† by which the lock is cut is a convention of heroic challenges, particularly in the romance genre. The romance is further invoked in the image of Clarissa arming the Baron—not with a real weapon, however, but with a pair of sewing scissors. Belinda is not a real adversary, or course, and Pope makes it plain that her resistance—and, by implication, her subsequent distress—is to some degree an affectation. The melodrama of her screams is complemented by the ironic comparison of the Baron’s feat to the conquest of nations. Belinda’s â€Å"anxious cares† and â€Å"secret passions† after the loss of her lock are equal to the emotions of all who have ever known â€Å"rage, resentment and despair.† After the disappointed Sylphs withdraw, an earthy gnome called Umbriel flies down to the â€Å"Cave of Spleen.† (The spleen, an organ that removes disease-causing agents from the bloodstream, was traditionally associated with the passions, particularly malaise; â€Å"spleen† is a synonym for â€Å"ill-temper.†) In his descent he passes through Belinda’s bedroom, where she lies prostrate with discomfiture and the headache. She is attended by  Ã¢â‚¬Å"two handmaidens,† Ill-Nature and Affectation. Umbriel passes safely through this melancholy chamber, holding a sprig of â€Å"spleenwort† before him as a charm. He addresses the â€Å"Goddess of Spleen,† and returns with a bag of â€Å"sighs, sobs, and passions† and a vial of sorrow, grief, and tears. He unleashes the first bag on Belinda, fueling her ire and despair. There to commiserate with Belinda is her friend Thalestris. (In Greek mythology, Thalestris is the name of one of the Amazons, a race of warrior women who excluded men from their society.) Thalestris delivers a speech calculated to further foment Belinda’s indignation and urge her to avenge herself. She then goes to Sir Plume, â€Å"her beau,† to ask him to demand that the Baron return the hair. Sir Plume makes a weak and slang-filled speech, to which the Baron disdainfully refuses to acquiesce. At this, Umbriel releases the contents of the remaining vial, throwing Belinda into a fit of sorrow and self-pity. With â€Å"beauteous grief† she bemoans her fate, regrets not having heeded the dream-warning, and laments the lonely, pitiful state of her sole remaining curl. Commentary The canto opens with a list of examples of â€Å"rage, resentment, and despair,† comparing on an equal footing the pathos of kings imprisoned in battle, of women who become old maids, of evil-doers who die without being saved, and of a woman whose dress is disheveled. By placing such disparate sorts of aggravation in parallel, Pope accentuates the absolute necessity of assigning them to some rank of moral import. The effect is to chastise a social world that fails to make these distinctions. Umbriel’s journey to the Cave of Spleen mimics the journeys to the underworld made by both Odysseus and Aeneas. Pope uses psychological allegory (for the spleen was the seat of malaise or melancholy), as a way of exploring the sources and nature of Belinda’s feelings. The presence of Ill-nature and Affectation as handmaidens serves to indicate that her grief is less than pure (â€Å"affected† or put-on), and that her display of temper has hidden motives. We learn that her sorrow is decorative in much the same way the curl was; it gives her the occasion, for example, to wear a new nightdress. The speech of Thalestris invokes a courtly ethic. She encourages Belinda to think about the Baron’s misdeed as an affront to her honor, and draws on ideals of chivalry in  demanding that Sir Plume challenge the Baron in defense of Belinda’s honor. He makes a muddle of the task, showing how far from courtly behavior this generation of gentlemen has fallen. Sir Plume’s speech is riddled with foppish slang and has none of the logical, moral, or oratorical power that a knight should properly wield. This attention to questions of honor returns us to the sexual allegory of the poem. The real danger, Thalestris suggests, is that â€Å"the ravisher† might display the lock and make it a source of public humiliation to Belinda and, by association, to her friends. Thus the real question is a superficial one—public reputation—rather than the moral imperative to chastity. Belinda’s own words at the close of the canto corroborate this suggestion; she exclaims, â€Å"Oh, hadst thou, cruel! been content to seize / Hairs less in sight, or any hairs but these!† (The â€Å"hairs less in sight† suggest her pubic hair). Pope is pointing out the degree to which she values outward appearance (whether beauty or reputation) above all else; she would rather suffer a breach to her integrity than a breach to her appearance. The Baron remains impassive against all the ladies’ tears and reproaches. Clarissa delivers a speech in which she questions why a society that so adores beauty in women does not also place a value on â€Å"good sense† and â€Å"good humour.† Women are frequently called angels, she argues, but without reference to the moral qualities of these creatures. Especially since beauty is necessarily so short-lived, we must have something more substantial and permanent to fall back on. This sensible, moralizing speech falls on deaf ears, however, and Belinda, Thalestris and the rest ignore her and proceed to launch an all-out attack on the offending Baron. A chaotic tussle ensues, with the gnome Umbriel presiding in a posture of self- congratulation. The gentlemen are slain or revived according to the smiles and frowns of the fair ladies. Belinda and the Baron meet in combat and she emerges victorious by peppering him with snuff and drawing her bodkin. Having achieved a position of advantage, she again demands that he return the lock. But the ringlet has been lost in the chaos, and cannot be found. The poet avers that the lock has risen to the heavenly spheres to become a star; stargazers may admire it now for all eternity. In this way, the poet reasons, it will attract more envy than it ever could on earth. Commentary Readers have often interpreted Clarissa’s speech as the voice of the poet  expressing the moral of the story. Certainly, her oration’s thesis aligns with Pope’s professed task of putting the dispute between the two families into a more reasonable perspective. But Pope’s position achieves more complexity than Clarissa’s speech, since he has used the occasion of the poem as a vehicle to critically address a number of broader societal issues as well. And Clarissa’s righteous stance loses authority in light of the fact that it was she who originally gave the Baron the scissors. Clarissa’s failure to inspire a reconciliation proves that the quarrel is itself a kind of flirtatious game that all parties are enjoying. The description of the â€Å"battle† has a markedly erotic quality, as ladies and lords wallow in their mock-agonies. Sir Plume â€Å"draw[s] Clarissa down† in a sexual way, and Belinda â€Å"flies† on her foe with flashing eyes and an erotic ardor. When Pope informs us that the Baron fights on unafraid because he â€Å"sought no more than on his foe to die,† the expression means that his goal all along was sexual consummation. This final battle is the culmination of the long sequence of mock-heroic military actions. Pope invokes by name the Roman gods who were most active in warfare, and he alludes as well to the Aeneid , comparing the stoic Baron to Aeneas (â€Å"the Trojan†), who had to leave his love to become the founder of Rome. Belinda’s tossing of the snuff makes a perfect turning point, ideally suited to the scale of this trivial battle. The snuff causes the Baron to sneeze, a comic and decidedly unheroic thing for a hero to do. The bodkin, too, serves nicely: here a bodkin is a decorative hairpin, not the weapon of ancient days (or even of Hamlet’s time). Still, Pope gives the pin an elaborate history in accordance with the conventions of true epic. The mock-heroic conclusion of the poem is designed to compliment the lady it alludes to (Arabella Fermor), while also giving the poet himself due credit for being the instrument of her immortality. This ending effectively indulges the heroine’s vanity, even though the poem has functioned throughout as a critique of that vanity. And no real moral development has taken place: Belinda is asked to come to terms with her loss through a kind of bribe or distraction that reinforces her basically frivolous outlook. But even in its most mocking moments, this poem is a gentle one, in which Pope shows a basic sympathy with the social world in spite of its folly and foibles. The searing critiques of his later satires would be much more stringent and less forgiving.

Stress And How To Manage It Essays -- essays research papers

Stress and How To Manage It Everyone has stress, and we all have different stressors. Each person has their own way of coping with stress. some ignore their problems while others face them head on. There are four types of stressors and we all experience them at some point in our lives. One of these stressors is hassles. Hassles are a part of everyday life, but if they aren't coped with, they an cause major problems. One hassle in my life is me being constantly sick all of the time. Lately, I have had a lot of colds and flus's. Coughing, sneezing, and missing school can get really old. It is a hassle to blow my nose and take my pills all of the time. My being sick is a big hassle, but it is not really a high quality of stressor. Hassles can cause quite a bit of stress, but they are nothing compared to a catastrophe. Catastrophes are unpredictable events that can change your life permanently. The biggest catastrophe in my life was when my best friend, Dre, died. It was hard for me because I knew what was happening to him but there was nothing I could do about it. My parents didn't know about him so I couldn't turn to them. I couldn't turn to my boyfriend because he wouldn't understand or care. Dre was the one person I could always turn to, and when I lost him my life changed forever. The death of a loved one is usually considered a life change, but in my case it was much more drastic than that. My life change that has caused me a lot of stress would be my problems with my ...

Mlk and Bill Clinton Compasison Essay

Martin Luther King and William J. Clinton comparison essay Elizabeth Frame March 20, 2013 Ms. Johnson Period 1A William J. Clinton was a democratic president who administered the United States for two terms. During his terms the U. S. enjoyed more peace and economic well being than at any time throughout it's history. In 2000 he called for a great national initiative to end racial discrimination. Martin Luther King was an American clergyman, activist, and a leader in the African American Civil Rights movement. He believed in nonviolent civil disobedience because he was a Baptist minister.In 1955 he led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and he helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957. In 1962 King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, also organizing a nonviolent protest in Birmingham, Alabama that attracted national attention because of the brutal response from the police. King also in 1963 helped to organize the March on Washington wh ere he delivered his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. In both the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech and the â€Å"Remarks to the Convocation of the Church of God in Christ† delivered by Rev. Martin Luther King, and former president William J.Clinton, both talk about things that at their time were very important to many of the citizens of the United States. They both made reference to great Americans such as Abraham Lincoln, Reverend Jackson, and former president Clinton's speech he even speaks a lot about Reverend Martin Luther King. They both stood for what they believed in in their speeches. Each one of them used solid arguments to get their points across to their audiences. From each speech there are certain words or phrases that everyone knows the speech by. For example Reverend King's speech is remembered by the repetition of the phrase â€Å"I have a dream†¦ . Both speeches have historic context that will always be remembered, and taught to each generation s leep that struggles from the past are not forgotten. In Reverend King's speech he was speaking to the nation, all of the citizens or residents of the United States. Reverend Martin Luther King wanted to get the civil rights movement moving more and in a nonviolent way, so he used his opportunity to give a speech on the National Mall very intelligently and to his advantage. Reverend Martin Luther King delivered his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech for many reasons.His main purpose was for people to realize the minority such as African Americans were not being treated fairly and they were not receiving the basic freedoms that as Americans they should have had. Although slavery was over African American people still were not free. His goal was to get across to the people and change what was going on in the everyday life of an African American citizen. He wanted the minority (African Americans) to have the same rights as the caucasian people. He wanted them to both be able to coexist in the same area without any type of discrimination towards each other. William J.Clinton's speech â€Å"Remarks to the Convocation of the Church of God in Christ† was addressed to the church but to the nation as well. The purpose of Clinton's speech was to stress the need for effective crime legislation. He used the opportunity to speak at the church where Reverend Martin Luther King his last sermon about freedom, in order to address issues of crime, violence, and family. He made his speech while launching his plans to make America safer for future generations. Just like Reverend King, former President Clinton was against violence and wanted nothing but the best for ALL of the citizens of the United States.

Lbj’s Great Society

Lyndon Baines Johnson moved quickly to establish himself in the office of the Presidency. Despite his conservative voting record in the Senate, Johnson soon reacquainted himself with his liberal roots. LBJ sponsored the largest reform agenda since Roosevelt's New Deal. The aftershock of Kennedy's assassination provided a climate for Johnson to complete the unfinished work of JFK's New Frontier. He had eleven months before the election of 1964 to prove to American voters that he deserved a chance to be President in his own right. Two very important pieces of legislation were passed.First, the Civil Rights Bill that JFK promised to sign was passed into law. The Civil Rights Act banned discrimination based on race and gender in employment and ending segregation in all public facilities. Johnson also signed the omnibus Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. The law created the Office of Economic Opportunity aimed at attacking the roots of American poverty. A Job Corps was established to provi de valuable vocational training. Head Start, a preschool program designed to help disadvantaged students arrive at kindergarten ready to learn was put into place.The Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) was set up as a domestic Peace Corps. Schools in impoverished American regions would now receive volunteer teaching attention. Federal funds were sent to struggling communities to attack unemployment and illiteracy. As he campaigned in 1964, Johnson declared a â€Å"war on poverty. † He challenged Americans to build a â€Å"Great Society† that eliminated the troubles of the poor. Johnson won a decisive victory over his archconservative Republican opponent Barry Goldwater of Arizona. American liberalism was at high tide under President Johnson. The Wilderness Protection Act saved 9. 1 million acres of forestland from industrial development. †¢The Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided major funding for American public schools. †¢The Voting Rights A ct banned literacy tests and other discriminatory methods of denying suffrage to African Americans. †¢Medicare was created to offset the costs of health care for the nation's elderly. †¢The National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities used public money to fund artists and galleries. †¢The Immigration Act ended discriminatory quotas based on ethnic origin. An Omnibus Housing Act provided funds to construct low-income housing. †¢Congress tightened pollution controls with stronger Air and Water Quality Acts. †¢Standards were raised for safety in consumer products. Johnson was an accomplished legislator and used his connections in Congress and forceful personality to pass his agenda. By 1966, Johnson was pleased with the progress he had made. But soon events in Southeast Asia began to overshadow his domestic achievements. Funds he had envisioned to fight his war on poverty were now diverted to the war in Vietnam.He found himself maligned by conservatives for h is domestic policies and by liberals for his hawkish stance on Vietnam. By 1968, his hopes of leaving a legacy of domestic reform were in serious jeopardy The turbulent 1960s reached a boiling point in 1968. When the year began, President Johnson hoped to win the war in Vietnam and then cruise to a second term to finish building his Great Society. But events began to spiral out of his control. In February, the Tet Offensive in Vietnam brought a shift in American public opinion toward the war and low approval ratings for the President.Sensing vulnerability, Eugene McCarthy challenged Johnson for his own party's nomination. When the Democratic primary votes were tallied in New Hampshire, McCarthy scored a remarkable 42 percent of the vote against an incumbent President. Johnson knew that in addition to fighting a bitter campaign against the Republicans he would have to fight to win support of the Democrats as well. His hopes darkened when Robert Kennedy entered the race in mid-March. On March 31, 1968, Johnson surprised the nation by announcing he would not seek a second term.His Vice-President Hubert Humphrey entered the election to carry out Johnson's programs. The Great Society program became Johnson's agenda for Congress in January 1965: aid to education, attack on disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation, development of depressed regions, a wide-scale fight against poverty, control and prevention of crime and delinquency, removal of obstacles to the right to vote. Congress, at times augmenting or amending, rapidly enacted Johnson's recommendations. Millions of elderly people found succor through the 1965 Medicare amendment to the Social Security Act.Under Johnson, the country made spectacular explorations of space in a program he had championed since its start. When three astronauts successfully orbited the moon in December 1968, Johnson congratulated them: â€Å"You've taken †¦ all of us, all over the world, into a new era. . . . † Nevertheless, two overriding crises had been gaining momentum since 1965. Despite the beginning of new antipoverty and anti-discrimination programs, unrest and rioting in black ghettos troubled the Nation. President Johnson steadily exerted his influence against segregation and on behalf of law and order, but there was no early solution.The other crisis arose from Viet Nam. Despite Johnson's efforts to end Communist aggression and achieve a settlement, fighting continued. Controversy over the war had become acute by the end of March 1968, when he limited the bombing of North Viet Nam in order to initiate negotiations. At the same time, he startled the world by withdrawing as a candidate for re-election so that he might devote his full efforts, unimpeded by politics, to the quest for peace. When he left office, peace talks were under way; he did not live to see them successful, but died suddenly of a heart attack at his Texas ranch on January 22, 1973.

A Visit To A Small Planet essays

A Visit To A Small Planet essays In A Visit To A Small Planet, many human faults are indirectly scrutinized and ridiculed, adding hints of satire to the interesting comedy. One of the faults being derided, is the fact that although our race does not enjoy nor promote violence and war, it still occurs and we still do things to provoke it. The ridiculing in the story is very clear-cut and ironic, thanks to Kretons unusual character. His thoughts and views on our generation make the authors point all too obvious. He needed Kretons outsider views to bring out the satire in the story and reinforce his opinion, which is strangely in truth. When he tried to convince the other characters in the play of his thoughts on humans enjoying and thrilling in violence, they deny it just as much as they deny hating each other. But no matter how they object, he points out again and again of the malice and hostility we hold for others, once more emphasizing the storys irony. Another element of mockery represented, is that although we believe in protecting ourselves from dangerous circumstances and hostile people, we in fact are more hostile than needed. In the episode of Kretons arrival, the General and his troops are cautious and rancorous towards him, even when Kreton showed no sign of intention to cause harm. Overall, our race tends to put impressions on others and ourselves that dont always agree with what we feel: our actions contradict with our morals, and thats what causes many problems in our society. ...

Rainbow Colored Flames Using Household Chemicals

Rainbow Colored Flames Using Household Chemicals Its easy to make a rainbow of colored flames using common household chemicals. Basically, what you need are chemicals for each of the colors, plus a fuel. Use a fuel that burns with a clean blue flame. Good choices include rubbing alcohol, 151 rum, hand sanitizer made with alcohol, lighter fluid, or alcohol fuel treatment. You can get a rainbow effect by placing chemicals directly on burning wood or paper, but sodium in these fuels produces a strongly yellow flame, which tends to overpower the other colors. Set Up the Rainbow On a fire-proof surface, line up small piles of powder for each of the colorants. You only need a small pinch of each chemical (1/2 teaspoon or less). Usually, youll run your rainbow red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet (or the opposite direction). It works best if you try to keep the colorant chemicals separate. When the fuel is added, some of the colors naturally will run together. Once the chemicals are set up, theres no hurry to light the fire. When you are ready, add fuel and then light it at one end. Youll get the most vivid coloring using methanol, but it burns hot. Hand sanitizer burns with the coolest temperature flame, but the high water content means the rainbow fire doesnt last long. Feel free to experiment. One compromise is to dampen the powders with methanol and follow up with a layer of hand sanitizer. As the fuel burns, the water will naturally extinguish the flames. The colorant chemicals are not consumed by the flames, so you can add more fuel to renew the rainbow. Table of Flame Colorants Most of the chemicals used for the project can be obtained from a grocery store. All of them are available at a superstore, like a Walmart or Target Supercenter. Color Chemical Common Source Red strontium nitrate or a lithium salt contents of a red emergency flare or lithium from a lithium battery Orange calcium chloride or mix red/yellow chemicals calcium chloride bleaching powder or mix salt with flare contents Yellow sodium chloride table salt (sodium chloride) Green boric acid, borax, copper sulfate borax laundry booster, boric acid disinfectant or insect killer, copper sulfate root killer Blue alcohol rubbing alcohol, Heet methanol, 151 rum, or alcohol-based hand sanitizer, lighter fluid Violet potassium chloride salt substitute Rainbow Fire Safety Information In addition to performing the project on a heat-safe surface, its a good idea to do it in a well-ventilated area, under a fume hood, or outdoors. There may be a small amount of smoke.Do not add fuel to the fire while it is still burning. Wait until the flames are extinguished and then add more alcohol and re-light the fire.The flames are easily extinguished by blowing them out, suffocating them (as with the lid of a pan), or by adding water.Its a good idea to wear protective eyewear and clothing, as for any science demonstration. Avoid wearing synthetic fabrics, as they readily melt if exposed to flame. Cotton, silk, and wool are good choices, or you can wear a lab coat.

Critical thinking assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical thinking assignment - Essay Example Conversely, soil in front of laboratory might have been used in forensic testing. The soil texture is compacted, which means that the soil has purity. The permeability of the soil could be measured during the chemical process. Basing on the soil’s texture, one can make conclusions concerning its composition (Orthmann and Hess 4). The physical properties to be assessed can also include weight, color, boiling point, and melting point of the soil. Compaction can be instrumental in determining the consistency in soil samples of the same origin. Observation of color change is necessary in an experiment that measures consistency in the samples of soils. The density gradient method assists in identifying an element found in the soil. In the experiment, a soil sample is placed in a cylinder containing solutions of varying densities. A band on the surface of the cylinder signifies the presence of elements in a soil sample. As such, the particles are suspended in between the solutions of different densities. Observation method can also be instrumental in detecting elements in the soil when the sample is dissolved in a solution. This information can be useful during a criminal investigation, as it assists in analyzing evidence in a crime

Demand and supply theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Demand and supply theory - Term Paper Example Thus, for the exchange of interests (expressed in terms of goods and services) to occur, demand and supply has to exist, but at some costs. From the field of academia to industrial circles, the basic premises of supply and demand are integrated into the daily actions of the society. To be sure, the theoretical mastery of economics depends much on the understanding of the theory at hand (Gandolfi, Gandolfi, and Barash 5-6). The theory of demand and supply is, therefore, an organization principle that coordinates the production of goods and services (in quantities, often referred to as output) to satisfy societal needs through the market (price) mechanism. Intuitively, the price mechanism functions in a perfectly competitive environment to maintain equilibrium of compensation to goods and services delivered by suppliers (supply side) and paid for by the consumers (demand side). The theory of demand and supply applies best to a theoretically free market structure in which no group of bu yers or sellers holds the power to set market prices. Accordingly, the theory has two sides: the demand side and the supply side, which both function in the interest of the social needs. For a given commodity delivered in the market for exchange, demand measures the quantity that buyers would be willing and able to acquire at a unit price (Gandolfi, Gandolfi and Barash 17). According to the theory, all consumers are rational decision makers who seek to maximize their utility by choosing the "best" bundle (in terms of quantity) of goods that their money (income) can buy (Silberberg and Suen 252–254). Noteworthy, the two units of measurements in the theory of demand are inversely related; a relationship that sums up the law of demand. That is, ceteris paribus, any increase in the price of a commodity in a purely competitive market environment lowers the number of people (buyers) willing to buy the product. Higher product prices in this case may cause a massive shift by consumer s towards more relatively cheaper substitute commodities; a scenario summarized in economics as price substitution effect. Conversely, consumers’ purchasing power acquired through a reduction in the price of a commodity offered for sale in the market increases their ability to buy the product with a possible consequential effect of a massive shift from other commodities considered expensive (income effect). It is important to note that the changes in product prices as well as the quantities along the demand curve occur with all other determinants predominantly held constant (constrained utility maximization) (Samuelson 79). That is, there are many other factors such as income, tastes and preferences, prices of substitute goods among others that occasionally come into play to affect demand of a given product or service. A change in the amount of income, for instance, shifts the demand curve either to the left or right depending on whether the change in income is negative or po sitive respectively. A sample shift in demand curve due to a decrease in income is shown in the diagram below. Supply on the other hand measures the quantity of commodities made available for exchange at a unit price in the market by sellers (Gandolfi,

M2A2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M2A2 - Essay Example These individuals may lead the followers to failure by spending too much time socializing and having fun not to mention letting the followers to be extremely free of responsibilities. Such people cannot be effective leaders if results are expected to be seen within certain duration. Attitudes may hinder or enforce the leadership qualities of an individual. This is because attitudes are connected with emotions which make an individual behave in a rational or irrational manner when communicating with others. Leaders with attitude problems (negative attitude) tend to be very pessimist even to the work of his or her followers. This may demoralize and demotivate them hence leading to the failure of a course or organization (Ricketts and Ricketts 2010). Values are acquired through socialization process by different socialization agents like family, school and media. The personal values of an individual may affect their leadership. If for example a person has staunch moral values, he or she will uphold principles of integrity and democracy not to mention good governance hence becoming a good leader. One of the strategies is to have emotional and social intelligence which will ensure the leader understands their emotions and attitudes and that of others and will therefore be considerate and understanding to the followers hence overcoming weaknesses. The other is to have therapies to manage the personal weaknesses the leader may have that hinder him or her from becoming an effective and efficient leader. Situational variables reflect communication of different types of leaders to their followers. It involves defining the tasks accurately and clearly and also understanding the physical and social surroundings that may hinder him or her to be a good leader. These factors may help an individual develop his or her leadership in a way that both the followers and other stakeholders will be supportive to the organization’s endeavors. The organizational variables that may

Procurement Strategies: Advantages and Disadvantages

Procurement Strategies: Advantages and Disadvantages The Janus plc is a dynamic retail and leisure group in UK. The Janus group are constantly investing in their ventures and develop several proposals with considerable facilities to expand their group forward. In UK the Janus group already consists of two other proposals which are in operation. As a part of their plans the organisation has decided to make new development proposal at malchester. The organisation is planning to develop the new proposal in two phases. This report is an assessment of the procurement strategies and options for selecting the procurement strategies for design and construction of the new proposal at malchester. The study on the procurement methods and strategies in this report tell us how to process the planning of the project to achieve value for time, cost, quality and helps the clients organization business to move forward. The report also suggests the best suitable strategy with effective implementation offers on time delivery, cost effective, specific quality and makes sustainable delivery of the project. As the selection of procurement makes the work easier to the client in making the project successful and achieving the goals of the organization. It also makes the right decisions for avoiding the risks. So the selection of procurement method plays very important role in constructions. At last the report recommends and justifies the selected potential procurement method for design and construction process with proper guidelines for delivering the efficient project and also to meet the standard quality for service in attaining maximum profit which will move the organizations business forward. Introduction: Procurement is also called as sourcing, which means gathering services and goods from the preparation and of request through the approval of statement for payment. This involves purchase planning, financing, making the purchase, inventory control and stores, specific development, standard determination, supplier research and selection, supply contract administration, disposal and other related functions, value analysis and price negotiation. Procurement plays major role in work relationship between parties involved in the construction process. Identify the primary and secondary objectives of the projects, Risk innate in the proposal, Environmental determination, which it will be implemented and selecting the appropriate procuring method for the proposed project. Procurement was not about a building, it was about entire project which includes obtaining goods and services, also includes obtaining human recourses like, consultants, contractors, sub-contractors, suppliers and specialists for some purpose. It is the very important step which can show some significant impact on the project success. Critical analysis: Janus leisure plc is leisure group which seeking to move its business forward. Janus leisure present operations having six racecourses which stage 20% of all racing fixtures held each year. Which makes them one of the UKs largest of horseracing. It also includes one of the oldest classic races in the world, the 5000 guineas stakes and also some high profile race meetings throughout the year. Conferencing and banqueting facilities will be provided at all of Janus racecourses and making then capable to operate 365 days. Janus leisure offering 18 hole golf courses at two of their racecourses. One includes leisure club and an integrated, branded hotel at third racecourses. Now Janus proposing some improvements to their racecourses, which was hosting 5000 guineas stakes every year in malchester. The redevelopment consists of two phases. Client requirements: Phase 1 Demolition of existing grandstand. Construction of new 5-storey grand stand to include an extensive conference and exhibition centre and associated external works (Budget  £25m). Refurbishment of two existing stand circa 100 years old (Budget  £5m). N.B to enable redevelopment during phase-1, the 2011 guineas stakes meeting and the 2012 5000 guineas stakes, schedule for mid-September must return to malchester. Phase 2 Construction of a new 120-bed hotel facility and casino (Budget  £12m) to be operational for the 2013 5000 guineas stakes meeting in mid-September. As Janus Leisure Company mentioned that they require finishing phase-1 by mid September 2012 for 5000 guineas stakes and phase-2 by mid-September 2013 for 5000 guineas stakes. As the company is trying to develop all their venues they will be having less concentration on a single venue and also the client knows what they required and what they expecting from the contractor. This project also includes demolition of existing grand stand and refurbishment of two existing stands. Which means it includes mixture of different kind of construction process. The main things in this project were time completion and budget. Completing the project in budget and maintaining the quality of construction. Clients have different needs and it is necessary to ensure satisfactory results to the development process by the contractor. There are some procurement methods which meets our clients requirement. The main factors when considering the appropriate procurement method: Project size Budget Complexity of project Time Probability of change in design and construction phases Quality importance Ability of contractors to undertake the project (Organisation) Design In this project we decided to go with Design and built type of procurement method which was suitable for this type of client. Our client needs racecourses by the 5000 stakes time, so its necessary for the contractor to complete the project by the time without delay. Price certainty: The certainty of price for the total construction work period. Price certainty will change at the time of process of project. Getting the firm prices before the construction of the project, this enables approximate estimates for the client. The cost of the project will be within financial budget. Public employers consider less important in price certainty. And they focus on quality and the functionality of the work done. For private client it is important to control their financial budget by obtaining the price certainty. Dead line: The majority of clients will make the decision and want to complete the project as quick as possible. Here our client need our project in time to extent and start his business soon in malchester. Time availability also influences the project to choose the construction techniques. The implication is under some circumstances such as time, cost and quality. Design: Design and build is the only method which likes into account Buildability, and produces a design in terms of construction. Traditional procurement method of contract was failed id design aspects. Some management contracting type of procurement processes have a grip on the design. If the client was been approaching a single contractor for a long time, it was beneficial to the clients. The main design factors considered are: Function Maintenance Buildability Standard design Design before build Design prototypes Procurement methods: There are several ways to categorised procurement methods. Risk taken by each party Information availability at the time of distributing contracts. The way of design and construction is ordered and maintained. Choosing the procurement systems is risk decision. The main risks obtained at the time of project to clients, contractors, sub-contractors, design team and suppliers are in completion deadlines, construction cost, design adequacy, liability or defects, safety, quality, workmanship etc.,. Source: Turner (1997) Building Procurement (2nd Ed) Source: Smith (1999) Managing Risk in Construction The contractors or consultants are selected by some competition or negotiation with a single organisation. In short listing tenders the points to consider were, Financial standing and records Experience in similar contracts in recent periods. Capable management. Capacity. Time, Cost and Quality of construction are the different options used to address the clients objectives. There are many different procurement methods available. Some have a long life which was continued till now. Some are disappeared. It depends on the results of the past projects. Some systems are in extensive use. Some will suite for the contractor. Some will be suitable for the clients. Procurement types: Lump sum or traditional procurement Design and build Management contracting Framework agreement Public private partnerships Construction management 1. Traditional procurement: This is most common method of procurement. It is suitable to all clients, including in experienced clients and it is time predictable and cost certainty. It is suitable for fast track projects. In this method client appoints a team of consultants to prepare drawings and also tender documents. The client appoints building contractor as well, to build the structure as per design with completion date as per approved rates. Most work will be distributed to the sub-contractors and the contractor remains responsible. Client appointed consultants administrates the project and advise the aspects associated with progress, design and payments. This is low risk option for the clients to minimise the delays, design failures etc. But some times the risk will increase, when the design phase is rushed and also when tender documents are not fully completed. The two stage tendering is referred as the accelerated traditional method. By this design and construction process will at the same time for a w hile. 2. Design and Build: In design and build procurement system a single contractor or single consultant will be appointed for both design and build or management of construction operations. Subcontractor will be appointed by the main contractor or consultant. The main characteristics of this procurement method are: Single organisation will be appointed for both build and construction of project. It may be contractor or consultant. The construction works will be carried out by subcontractors when handled by the contractor when the project is given to contractor. Client will manage subcontractor when the project is given to the consultants. The design and build procurement system is defined as: Design and built organisation behaves as consultant with direct contact with client for design and building of project. All packaging works are between designs and build organisation. Diagram : Flow chat of Design and Build procurement method Using this contract design and build system, clients obtain single or two competitive bids. The suitable contractor who contains the clients requirements and design will be issued the contract. Tender requires stating lump sum management fee and also offers a guaranteed maximum price in the bids. The contract awarded is mainly based on financial level. The GMP approach will also sometimes considered by the client at the time of management contracting. Management procurement systems are undetermined by instance of GMP involvement with agreement between contractor and employer. This is not demanded in design and builds type of procurement system. The design of project will be carried out by in-house designers, external consultants or by both of the in-house designers and external consultants. Whatever is the source of the design, the total responsibility is on the design and build contractor. There is a close contact with clients, designers and subcontractors. This will make the project quite easier. Whatever the problem occurs i.e. in design, packaging works and price issue, he can approach everything and everyone directly in this design and build method of procurement. Construction work is carried out by means of trade. Work packages and it enable to overlap the design and construction. This conditions made the design and build contractor to provide site establishment works. The best example of using the design and build procurement method is construction of  £25 million Nissan car plant complex at Washington in 1984 to 1985. This approach highlights the difficulties that can cause by all of the management oriented methods to cope the client decision till last moment. Apart from difficulties this method provides accurate final cost of the project. Any late changes are likely to be a current or complete work may delay the entire process of the project. Late changes are agreed by such alteration, if something necessary can be allowed. In most projects the client will appoint the financial consultants, usually quantity surveyor to give advice on financial and contractual aspects of the project. Once the design and build contractor appointed, the formulation of work packages, financial monitoring and control of project is subject of joint management and lies between two parties. Design and build usually compensate sum of: Management fee Design fee Net cost of site establishment Final accounts of all the subcontractors to the GMP. When GMP is in corporate in contract it is accordance with the tender documentation. If the contractor made savings against GMP will be penalises when sum exceeds as a result of mismanagement. Payments will be made on net cost of work contractors. Open book method accounting will be done in designing and build method to make the financial records available for the clients or financial advisor, to verify the actual cost of the project with records. The quality control will be problem with the duty for functions allowed to the design and build contractor. But developing quality control was done by form of inspectors, which were appointed by the client. The contract is an initiative to the contractor to minimise the costs and also need him act as an independent consultant. In this circumstances the quality may drop down, unless additional care was taken is supervision of specification of materials and equipment. Employing and managing the supervisory staffs are must undermine the relationship between design build contractor and the client who indented to form fundamental basis for the success of project where design and build type of procurement method is used. When consultant led design and built is a practical and commercial approach to implement the project. The system creators belief that the most construction projects suffer as a result of poor communication and unwanted large and complex management hierarchy, over planning and lack of commitment to the clients cause by most participants in the project. The principles for management of project were: Drawing and documentation is not a product by means o communicating the clients requirements to the construction manager. Communication between the employees is as direct as possible. As we expecting changes in construction field, full preplanning is not the best control and more flexibility and less detailed short term planning should be adopted. The interest of client is best served to participant to the project objectives not individual aspirations. 3. Management contracting: Management contracting is one of the most common methods of procurement. In this client appoints consultants to prepare drawings and project details. The management contract was selected by tendering, paid bases, prime costs and management fee. The main role of management contract is to manage the execution of work. The main contractor does not involve in any kind of construction work directly. It will be done by packages which were undertaken by sub-contractors, which were appointed by management contractors. In some cases the management contractors also agree design liabilities. In this the works contracted were directly and contractually responsible to the management contractor. The management contractors obligation is to accept responsibility for design and construction means. It referred as Design, Manage, Construct it is called as featured as contractor-led procurement. In this the led designed responsible for overall design and manager was responsible for coordination of work. It is suitable for fast track projects, complex buildings and developing brief. It is not suitable for inexperienced clients. Cost certainty, and not possible to transfer the total risk to contractor. This approach will overlap design and construction progress. The payment is made on the basis of cost of work with agreed fee by the managing contractor. Success of project is mainly depends on the contractors team. Price certainty is less because the construction starts before completion of all design works. This means many of packaging works to be tendered later in the construction stage. Means the design and work packages are adjusted properly to keep the project within the budget. Design and construction tends to be less than design and build methods. 4. Framework agreement: Framework agreement is established with limited number of suppliers or single suppliers. It will allow suppliers bring together with relevant experience which will save both the parties when more projects involved. This method of procurement includes all forms of procurement methods. Like traditional, design and build etc. the developing framework agreements for consultancy service will be done by LSC (Learning and skill council). Reduced transaction costs Continuous improvement within long-term relationships Frame work agreement with number of suppliers or single supplier can result in significance savings to both parties. No need for constant re-tendering at call of stages. When the contract conditions are unchanged for all projects, there will be substantial gains from continuous improvement. When the term changed, small competitions with in frame work will takes place. Client may have more framework suppliers for different requirements. The resource implications for client should be decided whether they need one frame work supplier under one frame work agreement are not. Frame work agreement may be used for design and build and primary contracting procurement methods. Frame work agreements also suitable for maintenance requirements. Client with small and rare project will consider collaborating with similar type to share frame work agreement. Every frame work agreement completed and advertised with procurement rules. There must not be any commitment to the frame work agreement contractor for any other kind of business until the first contract completes. The savings in cost and time will come from the following: Not necessary to rebid for every individual project. Continues development will earn by transferring from one project to another. Working relationships will be improved. Continues work flow. Speed of procurement. Public private partnership: Public private partnership is a partnership between public and private sector means the government and private parties carried out the project together on the agreed division of tasks and risks. Each party keeps its own identity and responsibilities. The public private partnership is growing due to demand in infrastructure. The limited fund in the public sector leads to join with private sector, in this provision of infrastructure. The principle believes PPPs is that the public sector is responsible for the proper delivery of service and it is not responsible for actual providing service. Major public sector projects have always undertaken by private sector contract. The major difference between all the procurement methods and this method was, private sector regarded as a fully fledged performer. The essential characteristics were: Responsibility and risk is transferred from public sector to private sector. The contractual agreements were made to perform based outcomes. Long term contractual agreements. Identification Option analysis Planning and approval Implementation Post-transaction Political risk Construction management: In construction management procurement the total services were been between the package contractors and clients. This will show the difference between management contracting. In this approach the client will contact directly with sub-contractors. Here the construction manager acts as an employee agent. When dealing with sub-contractors. The main points in this system are: Construction manager was appointed as consultant at initial stages and have equal status as design team members. Payments are made by lump sum or percentage fee to construction manager. The main works in the projects are carried out by sub-contractors. The role of construction manager is to supervise, co-ordinate and administrate. The role construction manager is defined as consultant role and responsible to the client. The construction manager work for a safety and all works are carried out by sub-contractor, between client and sub-contractor. This type of procurement method was first started in US during 1960s. They usually called this method as construction project management. This procurement method was started to use in UK in 1970s. This was needed to control the risk, cost and time in large projects. After the uncertainty in the worlds economy takes place the higher interest rates made commercial builders to large financial risks. From that stage this method was used in major projects. There are variations in construction management procedures. The construction manager has the equal level as designers. The both designer and construction manager have a direct contact with clients. In construction management method the involvement of client is more than the other methods. Thus this method will be taken by the entrepreneurial clients, who have ability and resources, unless they must be ready to appoint construction manager to protect their interest. Tough process will takes place to appoint a construction manger. The main roles of construction manager: Planning and management Inception and completion Design to ensure built ability. Value for money and economy. Advising the client of their time and cost. Safety policy for the site. Division of work to appropriate sub-contractors. Interim payments and final accounts with work contractors (sub-contractors) and advising client with proper documentation. Before starting of the project construction manager also involves in preparation of project cost budget. Also involves in preparation of tender documents and solution of potential subcontractor and managing tender documents, evaluation and recommendations in acceptance of tenders were also done by the construction manager. Construction manager will not do any construction work by his own. Construction manager was responsible for control and co-ordination of subcontracts. Programme control and time management. Applications for the payment to the subcontractors were examined by construction manager. The manager will submit the applications to the client with appropriate member of design team. Advantages and disadvantages: Traditional method: Advantages: Design was fully developed and cost is detailed before the building contractor being signed. This method will give clients very customised building. The design and construction was split into separate sections will give clear responsibilities. Disadvantages: Its difficult to fine the responsibility for errors and omissions. Different parties involved in the contract can create climate antagonistic. Unexpected circumstances will change the final cost of the project than original tendered amount. But proper planning keeps this under control. Design and Build method: Advantages: Single point of Responsibility: the manager is responsible for design and construction. The client should have single point of responsibility. This method is more advantageous than other, where the client employee separate designers and construction agreements. If the claim is done, the contractors, designers and architects blame each other of their responsibility. Price certainty: Design and build gets more price certainty than other forms of procurement methods. Many of design and build contractors include guaranteed maximum price (GMP). Design and build contractor cant claim for loss and expenses for late instructions from architects. This kind of claims can be done under traditional form of procurement method. The fee paid for the professionals is also less and depends on the roles of the professionals. Speed: It can be easily achieved from design and build method, by starting the work at site earlier than the traditional forms of contract. The contractor is not relaying on design and supply information, this is called single point of contract. This type of method will allow budget and programmes level of control to the contractor. So the construction process is likely to be quicker. Buildability: The contractor is responsible for design and construction, so the project is more likely to be buildable than other procurement methods. Claims: Its not easy to claim because its a single point of responsibility. Disadvantages: Design quality: Design and build method is not an exact procurement method where high priority of design quality is not given because of certainty among the architects. Additional design fee: If the client likes to take independent advice on design matters where the building contractor involved, then this will cost the client to pay additional fee to the design team of the contractor. Inflexibility: Once the contract proposal is agreed, the scope for client to make changes in his requirement is less otherwise the cost consequences will be prohibitive. Management contracts: Advantages: This system enables client to obtain Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP) for the construction element of project from the management contractor. It is used to accelerate the project process. The risk of delay will be overcomes by timely targets. Disadvantages: Project cost incurred in this system is higher, when compared with design and build system. When guaranteed maximum price (GMP) achieves, the management contractor position with clients as consultants will be at risk. Framework agreement: Advantages: Single tendering for the life of the framework agreement. Reduction of cost and administrative efforts. Initial tendering allows contractors to know competitive supply and should offer competitive prices for expected value of business. The range of supplies will be provided is short time by contracting authority, it reduces the stock holding for goods and also reduces time and equipment maintenance and repairs. Long term working relationship can be established with the supplier. Disadvantages: This is a closed system, once the framework agreement is established then new suppliers cannot be admitted. Competitive reopen can be considered onerous, if its structure is not planned properly in framework agreement. Public private partnerships: Advantages: Value for money Risk transfer Long term nature of contract Performance measurement of contracts. Private sector management skills Cost efficiency Time to delivery saving Reduction on the public treasury Board support Improved cost calculations Disadvantages: Insecurity Higher transaction cost Higher capital cost Inefficiencies Culture gap Short term rigidities Construction management: Advantages: Positive attitude and more constructive being exhibited at all levels. i.e. management, supervising and operative level. The proper using of value engineer by construction manager. Clients involvement is a bit higher when compared when compared with remaining procurement methods. It will promote better working relationship with project team. In this method the clients will direct contact with subcontractors, which will improve subcontractors cash flow. Means direct payments from the clients. Disadvantages: Client must involve deeply into all course of works. He must also able to manage construction manager and design consultants. The fee to the construction manager will vary from project to project; it will depend on the size of the project and roles of the construction manager. Procurement strategy: The customized nature of construction project increases inborn risks. These risks include the work which was not exactly required in the project completion. This includes late delivery or costs more than the client pay. These kinds of risks will impact clients core business. The procurement strategy should balance these situations at early stages. The main points which are co-dependent and frequently in tension are: Time: Speed and certainty of completion as per deadline. Cost: Level of price and certainty in cost. Quality: As per performance and functionality. Procurement strategies will accomplish, Cost and time certainty for the design is developed by an architect. This consequently slow process. Also know as traditional procurement process or design-bid-build process. In cost certainty and relative speed, the design is responsibility of a contractor. Gradually client will lose the control over the design process in design and build procurement. Virtual speed for the design developed by an architect and cost is uncertain till completion called as management contracting or construction management. After careful analysis of the project brief it is clear that the main factors essential for the project are time, cost, quality and reputation of the organization. In time, cost and quality the top priority goes to time and then followed by cost and quality. So the procurement method which is going to be selected should be very efficient and fulfil all requirements and objectives of the project. The selection of procurement system depends upon the nature and objectives of the project. After careful considerations of all the above factors and objectives of the clients organization the design and built contracting procurement method is suggested as it is best suitable for the client